Friday, July 23, 2010
graphiques
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Thursday, July 22, 2010
10 Health Reasons Why You Should Drink More Water
1. Water is an essential component of the human body. The human body is made up of about 43% to 75% of water - depending on age, body fat, etc [if fat is taken out of consideration, the nominal water content is about 72% of body mass - according to this source]. You could probably survive for 4 to 8 weeks without food (source), but it is estimated that lack of water could cause death in about 10 days, at room temperature (source).
2. Water acts as a nourishing agent. Water circulates through the blood and helps transport nutrients and oxygen towards organs and cells. It acts as a solvent for many nutrients and essential salts and makes them available for absorption by the body.
3. Water is a cleansing agent. It also serves as a medium to carry metabolic wastes away from the body - this is accomplished in the form of urine and sweat. Think of it as a detoxifying agent. This is one of the most important functions of water in our body (although not very highly appreciated often in daily life).
4. Water helps reduce the risk of kidney stones. The kidneys filter out waste products from the blood and channel them out of the body through the process of urine formation. Increasing concentration of certain salts in the urine increases the risk of kidney stone formation - and in most cases this risk can be reduced by drinking a lot of water and diluting the urine. It is usually recommended that adults prone to kidney stones should try to drink about 12 eight-ounce glasses of water everyday (normal adult recommendation is about 8 glasses).
5. Water helps reduce the risk of sunstroke. Water is the single most important factor in the highly critical function of regulating your body temperature. On sunny days, we sweat (in other words - excrete water) more and the evaporation of the sweat has a cooling effect on the body. In the absence of sufficient water (when dehydration occurs) in your body, this temperature regulation breaks down and body temperature increases - and this leads to sunstroke. Severe sunstroke has the potential to damage your vital organs.
6. Water helps lower the blood pressure. When you lose more than optimal levels of fluid due to various conditions (not drinking sufficient water, heavy exercise, illness, etc), the body tries to adjust for the loss of water by constricting blood vessels so that the rate of loss of water (due to sweating and respiration) is reduced - which in turn leads to higher blood pressure. Drink ample water to prevent this from happening. Of course, this is applicable when the higher blood pressure has been attributed to the lack of enough fluids in the body [don’t confuse this with special diuretic treatments for certain heart, liver, and kidney conditions - in which sometimes it is necessary to remove excess fluids from the body to lower the blood pressure].
7. Water minimizes the risk of heart disease. This follows from the the above point - increased dehydration causes your cells and tissues to absorb water from the blood stream and thus decreases the volume of the blood flow (probably that’s why constriction of blood vessels and the subsequent increase in blood pressure occurs - read #6). Increased blood pressure is a sign of a heart that’s working harder than it should - it tries to pump more blood to excretory organs to compensate for the reduced volume. This could probably worsen a heart related ailment. Sufficient water intake will ensure that this does not happen.
8. Water keeps your skin in good condition. In the process of sweating, it also removes impurities in the skin and cleanses it - leaving you with a healthy and younger looking skin. Dehydrated skin cells can cause your skin to appear wrinkled or sagging.
9. Water does not contain calories. Feel free to replace those sugary soft drinks with water; water does not contain any calories - so unlike the soft drinks it’s not going to increase your weight. Some studies have pointed towards how increased water consumption can in fact cause weight loss. Americans consume about 13 billion gallons of calorific drinks every year. You can imagine the net effect that can be achieved by replacing all that with water. Make it a habit - whenever you go to a fast food joint or a restaurant, ask for water instead of a soda.
2. Water acts as a nourishing agent. Water circulates through the blood and helps transport nutrients and oxygen towards organs and cells. It acts as a solvent for many nutrients and essential salts and makes them available for absorption by the body.
3. Water is a cleansing agent. It also serves as a medium to carry metabolic wastes away from the body - this is accomplished in the form of urine and sweat. Think of it as a detoxifying agent. This is one of the most important functions of water in our body (although not very highly appreciated often in daily life).
4. Water helps reduce the risk of kidney stones. The kidneys filter out waste products from the blood and channel them out of the body through the process of urine formation. Increasing concentration of certain salts in the urine increases the risk of kidney stone formation - and in most cases this risk can be reduced by drinking a lot of water and diluting the urine. It is usually recommended that adults prone to kidney stones should try to drink about 12 eight-ounce glasses of water everyday (normal adult recommendation is about 8 glasses).
5. Water helps reduce the risk of sunstroke. Water is the single most important factor in the highly critical function of regulating your body temperature. On sunny days, we sweat (in other words - excrete water) more and the evaporation of the sweat has a cooling effect on the body. In the absence of sufficient water (when dehydration occurs) in your body, this temperature regulation breaks down and body temperature increases - and this leads to sunstroke. Severe sunstroke has the potential to damage your vital organs.
6. Water helps lower the blood pressure. When you lose more than optimal levels of fluid due to various conditions (not drinking sufficient water, heavy exercise, illness, etc), the body tries to adjust for the loss of water by constricting blood vessels so that the rate of loss of water (due to sweating and respiration) is reduced - which in turn leads to higher blood pressure. Drink ample water to prevent this from happening. Of course, this is applicable when the higher blood pressure has been attributed to the lack of enough fluids in the body [don’t confuse this with special diuretic treatments for certain heart, liver, and kidney conditions - in which sometimes it is necessary to remove excess fluids from the body to lower the blood pressure].
7. Water minimizes the risk of heart disease. This follows from the the above point - increased dehydration causes your cells and tissues to absorb water from the blood stream and thus decreases the volume of the blood flow (probably that’s why constriction of blood vessels and the subsequent increase in blood pressure occurs - read #6). Increased blood pressure is a sign of a heart that’s working harder than it should - it tries to pump more blood to excretory organs to compensate for the reduced volume. This could probably worsen a heart related ailment. Sufficient water intake will ensure that this does not happen.
8. Water keeps your skin in good condition. In the process of sweating, it also removes impurities in the skin and cleanses it - leaving you with a healthy and younger looking skin. Dehydrated skin cells can cause your skin to appear wrinkled or sagging.
9. Water does not contain calories. Feel free to replace those sugary soft drinks with water; water does not contain any calories - so unlike the soft drinks it’s not going to increase your weight. Some studies have pointed towards how increased water consumption can in fact cause weight loss. Americans consume about 13 billion gallons of calorific drinks every year. You can imagine the net effect that can be achieved by replacing all that with water. Make it a habit - whenever you go to a fast food joint or a restaurant, ask for water instead of a soda.
10. Water suppresses appetite. This follows from the above point. Since water does not have any calories, it acts as an ideal *filler* material in your stomach and gives you a sense of “I am full” - which in turn decreases your appetite. This works best for people who are already over-weight and are controlling their appetite in order to lose weight. If you are anorexic, this isn’t for you.
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http://thetaoofgoodhealth.com/10-health-reasons-why-you-should-drink-more-water-4/Wednesday, July 21, 2010
Proud to be Oasnon!
Oas is now reclassified as First Class municipality in the province of Albay, Philippines. According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 63,888 people in 11,715 households.
History
The municipality was founded during the early Spanish Colonization of the Bicol Peninsula. In 1605, Father Baltazar de los Reyes converted 12 leading natives of the area to Christianity in one day, forming the foundation of the community now known as Oas.
There are three stories that tell the origin of the name of Oas:
1. The existence of numerous lagoons or pools of water abounding it prompted early colonizers to give it the name of "Oasis". The natives soon called the place by this name and later abbreviated it to "Oas".
2. There is a dam across the narrowest portion of a local river. This dam solely irrigates the vast fields of the place including those of the nearby town of Libon and results in a good harvest. People are wary of any cracks or leaks on the dam walls during months of heavy rains. A crier would shot "nawaswas" giving the call to the people for immediate action in groups. From then on, the natives coined this name to the place and later shortened it to present from in times of this kind emergency.
3. Early Spanish Colonizers reaching this particular section of the Bicol Peninsula asked the name of the place from the about 600 natives living there, "Como se llama este sitio?" with gesture of their hands. The natives mistakenly thought the question to be, "Onan kading lugar kadi, maiwas?" (What place is this, it's very big?) in their native dialect. In response, the natives answered, "Si, seƱores. Labi nikading iwas. Labi nikading iwas." (Yes, sirs, this is grand and spacious). From then on the early Spanish colonizers adopted in their official census the existence of "a rich fertile valley with verdant fields of grain" which is the little town of Oas in Bicol.
Barangays
Oas is politically subdivided into 53 barangays.
* Badbad
* Badian
* Bagsa
* Bagumbayan
* Balogo
* Banao
* Bangiawon
* Bongoran
* Bogtong
* Busac
* Cadawag
* Cagmanaba
* Calaguimit
* Calpi
* Calzada* Camagong
* Casinagan
* Centro Poblacion
* Coliat
* Del Rosario
* Gumabao
* Ilaor Norte
* Ilaor Sur
* Iraya Norte
* Iraya Sur
* Manga
* Maporong
* Maramba
* Moroponros
* Matambo
* Mayag
* Mayao
* Nagas
* San Pascual
* Obaliw-Rinas
* Pistola
* Ramay
* Rizal
* Sabang
* San Agustin
* San Antonio
* San Isidro
* San Jose
* San Juan
* San Miguel
* San Ramon
* San Vicente
* Talisay
* Talongog
* Tapel
* Tobgon
* Tobog
* Tablon
Saturday, July 17, 2010
Business' Opening Hours
Kami po ay bukas mula alas otso ng umaga hanggang alas siete ng gabi tuwing Lunes hanggang Sabado. Ang aming Delivery Service ay hanggang alas 6 ng gabi po lamang. Dahil sa weekly maintenance,cleaning,change filter etc. and most of all to have time with our Creator, kami po ay half-day every sundays. Until 12:00nn only.
WE DELIVER
WE DELIVER
Text or Call:
0906-4507932 (globe)
or
0908-1334697 (smart)
0906-4507932 (globe)
or
0908-1334697 (smart)
oaswaterhauz@yahoo.com
Benefits of Mineral Water
Mineral water is a very popular drink in the modern world and contains minerals like calcium and magnesium, along with other dissolved substances that are very beneficial for human health and hygiene. Among the various substances found dissolved in mineral water, the vital ones are salt, sulfur compounds and various gases. The use of mineral water to cure ailments and diseases has been known since a long time. It was traditionally consumed at its very source called spas, wells or baths. However, there is a mild difference in the usage of these words. Spas would be used when the water was used for the purpose of both consumption and bath, wells would be used when the water was not generally used to bathe with and bath when the water was not generally consumed. Today, bottling of mineral water has become a blooming business, as people are coming to know more about the diverse health benefits of mineral water. To know all about the therapeutic effects of mineral water, check the information listed below.
Health Benefits Of Drinking Mineral Water
* In accordance with a study published by the “British Journal of Nutrition” in the year 2005, drinking mineral water can help to increase the level of HDL (High Density Lipoprotein or good cholesterol) and at the same time, lower the level of LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein or bad cholesterol).
* The high calcium present in mineral water helps to decrease the bone loss in postmenopausal women and strengthens the human skeletal system as well.
* Certain people are unable to drink milk due to lactose intolerance and hence are unable to get the daily calcium requirement of the body. Drinking mineral water will be beneficial for such people, as studies have shown that the calcium absorbed from drinking high calcium mineral water is comparable to that from consuming dairy products.
* The magnesium present in mineral water can help to strengthen the human immune system, relax the muscles and lower blood pressure.
* Drinking mineral water also helps to achieve optimal health.
* One major function of mineral water is that it helps to replenish water that is naturally lost from the body, due to various activities. Besides this, it also helps to maintain a balance in the electrolyte level in the body, as it is full of electrolytes (minerals) which naturally dissolve in the water.
* The chlorides and bicarbonates present in mineral water play an important role in digestion and aid in maintaining a balance in the acid levels within the stomach and upper and lower intestine.
* Certain varieties of mineral water contain small quantities of iron, which is very essential for the process of oxygen transport throughout the body.
* In certain parts of Japan and Europe, hot spring therapy is a very popular treatment for conditions like fibromyalgia, arthritis and digestive problems.
* The sulfate found in certain varieties of mineral water acts as a detoxifying agent and is used by the human body for the purpose of cleansing and detoxifying the harmful agents.
* Mineral water is also used to combat the infections caused by fungi and viruses.
* Many individuals believe that drinking mineral water on a regular basis can reduce the aches due to muscle and joint inflammation.
source (http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/benefits-of-mineral-water-6578.html)
(http://blog.glaswater.com/blogs/10/Benefits-of-Mineral-Water.html)
* In accordance with a study published by the “British Journal of Nutrition” in the year 2005, drinking mineral water can help to increase the level of HDL (High Density Lipoprotein or good cholesterol) and at the same time, lower the level of LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein or bad cholesterol).
* The high calcium present in mineral water helps to decrease the bone loss in postmenopausal women and strengthens the human skeletal system as well.
* Certain people are unable to drink milk due to lactose intolerance and hence are unable to get the daily calcium requirement of the body. Drinking mineral water will be beneficial for such people, as studies have shown that the calcium absorbed from drinking high calcium mineral water is comparable to that from consuming dairy products.
* The magnesium present in mineral water can help to strengthen the human immune system, relax the muscles and lower blood pressure.
* Drinking mineral water also helps to achieve optimal health.
* One major function of mineral water is that it helps to replenish water that is naturally lost from the body, due to various activities. Besides this, it also helps to maintain a balance in the electrolyte level in the body, as it is full of electrolytes (minerals) which naturally dissolve in the water.
* The chlorides and bicarbonates present in mineral water play an important role in digestion and aid in maintaining a balance in the acid levels within the stomach and upper and lower intestine.
* Certain varieties of mineral water contain small quantities of iron, which is very essential for the process of oxygen transport throughout the body.
* In certain parts of Japan and Europe, hot spring therapy is a very popular treatment for conditions like fibromyalgia, arthritis and digestive problems.
* The sulfate found in certain varieties of mineral water acts as a detoxifying agent and is used by the human body for the purpose of cleansing and detoxifying the harmful agents.
* Mineral water is also used to combat the infections caused by fungi and viruses.
* Many individuals believe that drinking mineral water on a regular basis can reduce the aches due to muscle and joint inflammation.
source (http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/benefits-of-mineral-water-6578.html)
Substances Found in Mineral Water
While mineral waters differ on the type and amount of minerals found in each, some of the popular types of minerals that are found in a variety of popular mineral waters include:
Magnesium- This substance can be instrumental in strengthening the immune system, relaxing the body and muscles and even help lower blood pressure.
Chloride and Bicarbonates- These substances are also found in mineral water, they can play a role in digestion and assist in keeping acid balanced within the stomach and upper and lower intestines.
Iron- Iron is also found in small quantities in many different types of mineral waters. Iron is a necessary mineral that is used by our blood to deliver oxygen throughout the body.
Sulfate- Also found in many different types of mineral waters and is used by our body as a cleansing and detoxifying agent.
While mineral waters differ on the type and amount of minerals found in each, some of the popular types of minerals that are found in a variety of popular mineral waters include:
Magnesium- This substance can be instrumental in strengthening the immune system, relaxing the body and muscles and even help lower blood pressure.
Chloride and Bicarbonates- These substances are also found in mineral water, they can play a role in digestion and assist in keeping acid balanced within the stomach and upper and lower intestines.
Iron- Iron is also found in small quantities in many different types of mineral waters. Iron is a necessary mineral that is used by our blood to deliver oxygen throughout the body.
Sulfate- Also found in many different types of mineral waters and is used by our body as a cleansing and detoxifying agent.
(http://blog.glaswater.com/blogs/10/Benefits-of-Mineral-Water.html)
Friday, July 16, 2010
Keeping Your Cooler Contamination Free
Although Brookhaven Lab produces its own tap water which is in full compliance with all county,
state and federal regulations governing drinkingwaterquality, there are locations around site where bottled water is used instead. Bottled water is provided either when a building does
not have plumbing and cannot economically be connected to BNL’s water-distribution system, or when testing determines that a building’s plumbing system negatively impacts the
water’s quality. So, while some employees and others at the
Lab meet around their building’s water fountain, others gather around the office watercoler. While illness caused by bottled
water is rare in the U.S., it has been well documented that the users of a bottled water cooler are its principal source of contamination.
In fact, the quality of bottled
water in a cooler depends upon four
things:
• bottle storage: how long and where the water bottle was stored
• bottle handling and installation: how hygienically the bottle was handled and installed.
• cooler cleanliness: how clean and sanitary the inside of the water cooler and its spigots are
• cooler users: how clean and sanitary the hands, cups, sports bottles and other things that come into contact with the water cooler and its spigots are.
How to keep my cooler clean?
So that water-cooler users around site can helpmaintain the quality of their bottled water,
Brookhaven’s Safety & Health Services (S&HS) Division has developed recommendations covering bottle storage, handling and installation; cooler cleanliness and sanitization; and hygienic cooler use. Developed by S&HS’s Industrial Hygiene Group
For instance, in addition to recommending that the water cooler be cleaned with every bottle
change or every six weeks, the procedure covers how to replace a bottle properly. The reason is that, while the inside of the bottle is clean and sanitized at the bottler, the outside of the bottle — particularly the neck — is handled by everyone from the factory to you. Since the neck of the bottle sits inside the cooler’s reservoir once the bottle is installed, the bottle’s neck can contaminate the water.To reduce contamination of the cooler itself, another recommendation is that bottled-water users wash their hands before using the water
cooler, and that they never touch the ends of the cooler’s spigots with their hands or water glasses, cups, sports bottles, etc.
not have plumbing and cannot economically be connected to BNL’s water-distribution system, or when testing determines that a building’s plumbing system negatively impacts the
water’s quality. So, while some employees and others at the
Lab meet around their building’s water fountain, others gather around the office watercoler. While illness caused by bottled
water is rare in the U.S., it has been well documented that the users of a bottled water cooler are its principal source of contamination.
In fact, the quality of bottled
water in a cooler depends upon four
things:
• bottle storage: how long and where the water bottle was stored
• bottle handling and installation: how hygienically the bottle was handled and installed.
• cooler cleanliness: how clean and sanitary the inside of the water cooler and its spigots are
• cooler users: how clean and sanitary the hands, cups, sports bottles and other things that come into contact with the water cooler and its spigots are.
How to keep my cooler clean?
So that water-cooler users around site can helpmaintain the quality of their bottled water,
Brookhaven’s Safety & Health Services (S&HS) Division has developed recommendations covering bottle storage, handling and installation; cooler cleanliness and sanitization; and hygienic cooler use. Developed by S&HS’s Industrial Hygiene Group
For instance, in addition to recommending that the water cooler be cleaned with every bottle
change or every six weeks, the procedure covers how to replace a bottle properly. The reason is that, while the inside of the bottle is clean and sanitized at the bottler, the outside of the bottle — particularly the neck — is handled by everyone from the factory to you. Since the neck of the bottle sits inside the cooler’s reservoir once the bottle is installed, the bottle’s neck can contaminate the water.To reduce contamination of the cooler itself, another recommendation is that bottled-water users wash their hands before using the water
cooler, and that they never touch the ends of the cooler’s spigots with their hands or water glasses, cups, sports bottles, etc.
Thursday, July 15, 2010
Water Color Odor Appearance and Taste
Water Color Odor Appearance and Taste
Your First Evidence of a Problem
COLOR Your First Evidence of a Problem
Is your water safe to drink? Does it smell funny or is it cloudy or off-color? The increase in the reported cases of chemical spills, leaking oil tanks, toxic waste sites, and pesticide use may make you wonder about the quality and safety of your water. what is in your water. Whether you get your water from a public or a privately-owned public water system, or your own well or spring, having a safe source of drinking water is vital to the health of you and your family.
Changes in the appearance, taste, odor, and color may be your first evidence of a problem. Color in water can be caused by a number of contaminants such as iron which changes in the presence of oxygen to yellow or red sediment. Color from iron is referred to as "apparent color" rather than "true color". True color is distinguished from apparent color by filtering the sample.
The most common source of true color is decaying organic matter such asthe yellowish "tea color" of water in tundra or wet bogs. True color is mostly found in surface water, although ground water may contain some color if the aquifer flows through a layer of buried vegetation, such as from a long buried slough of a river.
Potential Health Hazards: Color is not a toxic characteristic, but is listed by the EPA as a secondary (aesthetic) parameter affecting the appearance and palatability of the water. When chlorinated, color-causing organic matter may form chlorinated organic compounds such as trihalomethanes. Chloroform is a common trihalomethane, and is along with several others, considered to be a potential carcinogen. For this reason ADEC limits total trihalomethanes(TTHM's) in public water supplies to 0.1 ppm (100 ppb). Color is measured in units based on a platinum-cobalt standard solution which forms a yellow tint and is limited to 15 units in public water supplies.
TREATMENT: Color can be removed by activated carbon filters, sometimes marketed as taste and odor filters. The activated carbon or charcoal must be replaced after a period of time when its capacity for adsorption of the color is exhausted. Another treatment method is coagulation and sedimentation using alum or other chemicals. This process is normally used only in large plants since its complexity requires the care of a trained water treatment plant operator.
TESTING: Color analysis is done by visual comparison to a set of platinum-cobalt standards in Nessler tubes. Sample collection is done in a clean rinsed bottle which should be refrigerated if stored for more than a few hours. If the color of the water exceeds 15 color units and the water is being chlorinated, we suggest having the water examined for total trihalomethanes by gas chromatography. This is a more expensive and time consuming analysis, but is extremely sensitive with detection limits down to the ppb level. Sample vials specially designed to eliminate the air space above the sample are required for sampling.Drinking Water Smells, Smelly Water, Taste and Odor Problems Besides the parameters described in this report, the color, appearance, taste, smell, and odor of drinking water is the first clue to the homeowner that there may be a problem with the water. It is important to note that some chemicals, especially organic compounds and bacterial agents, may be at toxic or at pathogenic (i.e., disease causing) levels, without any observable clues to a problem.
Primary treatment method used to handle taste, smell, odor, or color problems may include filtration, filtration through a carbon filter, softening, chlorination and distillation. The type of pretreatment would depend on the concentration and type of contamination and associated water quality. Taste, Smell, Odor, and Color and Associated Potential Problem
Taste Problems
Salty-brackish
High sodium
Alkali Taste
High hardness, total dissolved solids, high alkalinity
Metallic Taste
Low pH, high metal content, corrosive water A metallic taste can be caused by inorganicchemicals such as iron (at levels over 0.004 mg/l), copper (2-5 mg/l), and
Odor / Smell Problems Drinking Water
Rotten-Egg Odor Smell,Musty Odors Smell Earthy, musty, grassy, fishy, vegetable and cucumber Hydrogen sulfide , sulfate-reducing bacteria Softwater reactions in electric water heaters, algal bioproducts algal by-products
Oily Smell Gasoline or oil contamination, possibly nuisance bacteria ethane
Like Gas Smell
Organic decomposition - note natural gas has no odor, but the natural gas delivered to your home has mercaptans (sulfur -compounds) added that create a strong odor to help detect leaks.
Phenolic Smell
Industrial or gasoline contamination
Chemical Smell
Organic chemicals, Industrial
Color
Milky
Precipitation of carbonates excessive air, suspended solids
Blackish Tint Reactions with manganese and possibly iron, IRB/ Slime Bacteria
Yellowish Tint
Presence of humic or fluvic compounds, iron, IRB bacteria
Reddish Tint Presence of Dissolved or precipitated iron, iron, IRB bacteria
(Source: Driscoll, 1986; Lehr, 1980)
Bacteria
The presence of bacteria and pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms is a concern when considering the safety of drinking water. Pathogenic organisms can cause intestinal infections, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera, and other illnesses.
Sources of Bacteria in Drinking Water
Human and animal wastes are a primary source of bacteria in water. These sources of bacterial contamination include runoff from feedlots, pastures, dog runs, and other land areas where animal wastes are deposited. Additional sources include seepage or discharge from septic tanks, sewage treatment facilities, and natural soil/plant bacteria. Bacteria from these sources can enter wells that are either open at the land surface, or do not have water-tight casings or caps.
Insects, rodents or animals entering the well are other sources of contamination. Old wells were dug by hand and lined (cased) with rocks or bricks. These wells usually have large openings and casings that often are not well-sealed. This makes it easy for insects, rodents, or animals to enter the well.
Another way bacteria can enter a water supply is through inundation or infiltration by flood waters or by surface runoff. Flood waters commonly contain high levels of bacteria. Small depressions filled with flood water provide an excellent breeding ground for bacteria. Whenever a well is inundated by flood waters or surface runoff, bacterial contamination is likely. Shallow wells and wells that do not have water-tight casings can be contaminated by bacteria infiltrating with the water through the soil near the well, especially in coarse-textured soils.
Older water systems, especially, dug wells, spring-fed systems and cistern-type systems are most vulnerable to bacterial contamination. Any system with casings or caps that are not water-tight are vulnerable. This is particularly true if the well is located so surface runoff might be able to enter the well. During the last five to 10 years, well and water distribution system construction has improved to the point where bacterial contamination is rare in newer wells.
Insects, rodents or animals entering the well are other sources of contamination. Old wells were dug by hand and lined (cased) with rocks or bricks. These wells usually have large openings and casings that often are not well-sealed. This makes it easy for insects, rodents, or animals to enter the well.
Another way bacteria can enter a water supply is through inundation or infiltration by flood waters or by surface runoff. Flood waters commonly contain high levels of bacteria. Small depressions filled with flood water provide an excellent breeding ground for bacteria. Whenever a well is inundated by flood waters or surface runoff, bacterial contamination is likely. Shallow wells and wells that do not have water-tight casings can be contaminated by bacteria infiltrating with the water through the soil near the well, especially in coarse-textured soils.
Older water systems, especially, dug wells, spring-fed systems and cistern-type systems are most vulnerable to bacterial contamination. Any system with casings or caps that are not water-tight are vulnerable. This is particularly true if the well is located so surface runoff might be able to enter the well. During the last five to 10 years, well and water distribution system construction has improved to the point where bacterial contamination is rare in newer wells.
Indications of Bacteria
Bacterial contamination cannot be detected by sight, smell or taste. The only way to know if the water suppy contains bacteria is to have it tested.Potential Health Effects
Coliform bacteria may not cause disease, but can be indicators of pathogenic organisms that cause diseases. The latter could cause intestinal infections, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera and other illnesses. However, these illnesses are not limited to disease-causing organisms in drinking water. Other factors not associated with drinking water may be the cause.
Intestinal infections and dysentery are generally considered minor health problems. They can, however, prove fatal to infants, the elderly, and those who are ill. Today typhoid, hepatitis and cholera are rarely encountered in the United States. Other bacteria also may be present in water. No specific sanitary significance or health standards have been indicated for non-pathogenic non-coliform bacteria.
Intestinal infections and dysentery are generally considered minor health problems. They can, however, prove fatal to infants, the elderly, and those who are ill. Today typhoid, hepatitis and cholera are rarely encountered in the United States. Other bacteria also may be present in water. No specific sanitary significance or health standards have been indicated for non-pathogenic non-coliform bacteria.
Drinking Water Testing
Coliform bacteria originate in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and can be found in their wastes. Coliform bacteria can also be found in soil and on vegetation. Coliform bacteria are relatively simple to identify and are present in much larger numbers than more dangerous pathogens. Coliform bacteria react to the natural environment and treatment processes in a manner and degree similar to pathogens. By monitoring coliform bacteria, the increase or decrease of many pathogenic bacteria can be estimated.
Due to this association, bacterial safety of drinking water is monitored by testing for coliform bacteria
Due to this association, bacterial safety of drinking water is monitored by testing for coliform bacteria
Interpreting Test Results
The EPA establishes standards for drinking water which fall into two categories -- Primary Standards are based on health considerations, and are designed to protect people from three classes of toxic pollutants: pathogens, radioactive elements and toxic chemicals.
Bacterial contamination falls under the category of pathogens. The EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for coliform bacteria in drinking water is zero (or no) total coliform per 100 ml of water. The number of coliform colonies found in the incubated water sample, if any, is reported and the form is checked to indicate whether or not the water meets the EPA bacteriological standard of zero. At times, excessive numbers of other bacteria in a sample can interfere with the counting of coliform types. These samples may be classified as "too numerous to count" or "confluent growth."
If the laboratory report indicates the presence of coliforms, or states "too numerous to count," or "confluent growth," the Department of Health recommends another sample be analyzed to help evaluate the contamination. If you suspect bacterial contamination in your water supply, use an alternative water supply or disinfect your water supply while waiting for test results.
If the laboratory report indicates the presence of coliforms, or states "too numerous to count," or "confluent growth," the Department of Health recommends another sample be analyzed to help evaluate the contamination. If you suspect bacterial contamination in your water supply, use an alternative water supply or disinfect your water supply while waiting for test results.
Total Coliform Bacteria Testing
COLIFORM BACTERIAThe total coliform bacteria test is a primary indicator of "potability" , suitability for consumption, of drinking water. It measures the concentration of total coliform bacteria associated with the possible presence of disease causing organisms.
Water 101
Water is the most abundant liquid on Earth. It covers more than 70% of the earth's surface. Including the clouds (which are, of course, also water), it makes our entire planet look blue and white from space.
The earth's supply of water is constantly being recycled. It is evaporated from the oceans by the sun and is given off by the forests. The vapor condenses into clouds, which rain out onto the land. The land water runs off into the lakes and rivers, which then run back to the seas, and the cycle is complete. The total amount of water on Earth, in the form of oceans, lakes, rivers, clouds, polar ice, etc. is 1.5 × 1018 (one-and-a-half billion) tons, occupying a total volume of 8.7 million cubic miles.
It is impossible to overstate the importance of water to almost every process on Earth, from the life processes of the lowest bacteria to the shaping of continents. Water is the most familiar of all chemical compounds known to humans. It is essential to all living things, plant and animal. We drink it, we wash with it, we play in it and we cook in it. In fact, we ourselves are more than half water.
We never see absolutely pure water because it dissolves so many substances. If we want pure water we have to prepare it laboriously Moving water even dissolves rock slightly, to form caves and to wear away mountains. All of the water on Earth, therefore, is in the form of solutions. The dissolved substances change the properties of water from what they would be in absolutely pure water. They affect its freezing point and its boiling point, among many other physical and chemical properties. The dissolved or suspended substances in water can be in the form of ions, molecules, or larger particles. For drinking water, bacteria must also be killed.
Clean drinking water is essential to human and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades in almost every part of the world.
Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying tastes and odors. Humans and other animals have developed senses which (more or less) enable them to evaluate the potability of water by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid. The taste advertised in spring water or mineral water derives from the minerals dissolved in it: Pure H2O is tasteless and odorless. The advertised purity of spring and mineral water refers to absence of toxins, pollutants and microbes.
The earth's supply of water is constantly being recycled. It is evaporated from the oceans by the sun and is given off by the forests. The vapor condenses into clouds, which rain out onto the land. The land water runs off into the lakes and rivers, which then run back to the seas, and the cycle is complete. The total amount of water on Earth, in the form of oceans, lakes, rivers, clouds, polar ice, etc. is 1.5 × 1018 (one-and-a-half billion) tons, occupying a total volume of 8.7 million cubic miles.
It is impossible to overstate the importance of water to almost every process on Earth, from the life processes of the lowest bacteria to the shaping of continents. Water is the most familiar of all chemical compounds known to humans. It is essential to all living things, plant and animal. We drink it, we wash with it, we play in it and we cook in it. In fact, we ourselves are more than half water.
We never see absolutely pure water because it dissolves so many substances. If we want pure water we have to prepare it laboriously Moving water even dissolves rock slightly, to form caves and to wear away mountains. All of the water on Earth, therefore, is in the form of solutions. The dissolved substances change the properties of water from what they would be in absolutely pure water. They affect its freezing point and its boiling point, among many other physical and chemical properties. The dissolved or suspended substances in water can be in the form of ions, molecules, or larger particles. For drinking water, bacteria must also be killed.
Clean drinking water is essential to human and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades in almost every part of the world.
Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying tastes and odors. Humans and other animals have developed senses which (more or less) enable them to evaluate the potability of water by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid. The taste advertised in spring water or mineral water derives from the minerals dissolved in it: Pure H2O is tasteless and odorless. The advertised purity of spring and mineral water refers to absence of toxins, pollutants and microbes.
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